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SCI論文最難部分寫(xiě)作指南SCI論文最難部分寫(xiě)作指南
Introduction的中文一般譯作引言。引言的目的在于闡明論文的主題,并提供科學(xué)問(wèn)題的相關(guān)背景。 或許,introduction是最難寫(xiě)的部分了吧。引文寫(xiě)的好不好,直接影響整篇論文的可讀性。通常也是 花最多寫(xiě)作時(shí)間的部分。參考文獻(xiàn)引用數(shù)量一般也是全文中最高的部分。
完整的引言一般包含五個(gè)部分:
1、general statement(交代研究大背景)
2、specific aspects(前人關(guān)于此文論題的具體研究)
3、the gap(沖突:前人研究的不足和需要解決的問(wèn)題)
4、thesis statement(交代論文的主旨)
5、value or justification(論文的價(jià)值或者意義) 這五個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)構(gòu)成沙漏狀的形態(tài),首先從大話題一步步叟笑到具體問(wèn)題,再?gòu)膅ap處筆鋒已轉(zhuǎn),引出本文 主題,再最主題進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步闡釋。
接下來(lái),牛啟生物團(tuán)隊(duì)將細(xì)分每個(gè)部分進(jìn)行講解。如果嫌棄太枯燥的小伙伴,也將會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)寫(xiě)作句式大放送。
一、general statement
這一部分是要交代研究大背景,到底是多大的背景呢?這具體要取決于論文的目標(biāo)讀者群和論文希望 發(fā)表的期刊。一般而言,期刊讀者群越寬泛,這部分的介紹也要更寬泛,舉個(gè)例子。假如,我要發(fā)一篇Nature,就可以以生物領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的常識(shí)性話題開(kāi)頭,而如果我要發(fā)一篇Genetics,就可以以遺傳學(xué)常 識(shí)性話題開(kāi)頭。但是這個(gè)規(guī)律也不見(jiàn)得是放之四海皆準(zhǔn)的。有的文章會(huì)根據(jù)自身論題的大小來(lái)調(diào)整引 言開(kāi)篇的幅度大小。如果我做的內(nèi)容比較窄,那么我的論文開(kāi)篇也不宜太大,否則不好收回來(lái)。
如何表達(dá)眾所周知
It is well established (accepted) /it is known to all/ it is commonly known that (眾所周 知)
There is no denying that...
It is generally accepted/believed that...
二、specific aspects
這一部分主要是列舉前人的研究成果,包含大量的引用,可能會(huì)延續(xù)好幾個(gè)段落。學(xué)術(shù)論文汗牛充棟 ,要將本領(lǐng)域相關(guān)的研究都引用一遍是不可能的,因此,你需要擇優(yōu)選用,并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)臍w類。值得 引用的研究應(yīng)當(dāng)和下面的gap部分呼應(yīng),這就好比賣(mài)關(guān)子,把歷代武林高手各門(mén)功夫夸上一通,再指出 他們的致命弱點(diǎn),最后亮出自己的招數(shù),瞄準(zhǔn)這個(gè)弱點(diǎn),將他們一一打趴下。
這里小編教你一招,引用論文的時(shí)候不能夠原文摘錄,要進(jìn)行徹底改寫(xiě),避免抄襲。概括他人研究常 用的動(dòng)詞是:agree, argue, assert, assume, claim, conclude, demonstrate, describe, develop, emphasize, illustrate, infer, note, notice, outline, postulate, question, report, show, support, identify, present, summarize, clarify, detail, discuss, explain, propose, provide, ...
描述具體的研究常用的動(dòng)詞是conduct, undertake, perform, apply, assess, calculate, compare, compute, derive, design, determine, develop, evaluate, explore, implement, investigate, measure, model,
常用句式:
如何表述xx在很多文獻(xiàn)中已經(jīng)討論過(guò)了。
There has been a large number of studies on ..., especially of ...(前人)
Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about ...
Recently, there have/has been extensive/increasing/numerous publications/literature/reporting on ...
Researchers have become increasingly interested in...
Researchers have recently focused their attention to ...
... has been intensively investigated.
This was demonstrated in a number of studies ...
Much work so far has focused on ...
Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ...
如何表達(dá)分歧
... is still matter of debate.
Some authors pointed out that... Other authors proposed that ... Alternatively, it has been suggested that...
... first reported by ... is much debated.
Although considerable progress has been made, this has been accompanied by much debate.
It is an open question if...
有時(shí),會(huì)引用作者過(guò)去的研究。
Recently, we showed that...
In the past 10 years/ since the early 1990s, we have ...
三、Gap
這是沙漏結(jié)構(gòu)中承上啟下的關(guān)鍵部分。這個(gè)部分營(yíng)造沖突和緊張氣氛,總結(jié)性地指出前人研究的不足 和需要解決的問(wèn)題。在有的paper中,此部分可能和specific aspects部分融合在了一起。而對(duì)于比較 長(zhǎng)的引文,gap可以單獨(dú)成句成段。這部分內(nèi)容也常用however等作為開(kāi)頭。
句式:
A major disadvantage of all ... methods of ... is ..., so methods that ... are desirable. (指出需求,引出下文)
Although ... limit rests on ..., it is not an fundamental limit. (提示:前方高能,即我們 可以解決這個(gè)limit)
... studies, however, are limited by ...
However, it remains unclear whether...
There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to ...
... has not yet been realized.
However, data is still sxarce/rare/less accurate. We need to /aim to/have to provide more documents/data/records/studies.
Previous research has failed to consider/ignored/misinterpreted/neglected to/overestimated/underestimated/ misled. Thus, ...
四、thesis statement & value or justification
這部分內(nèi)容就是交代本文希望發(fā)表的結(jié)果,通常以here開(kāi)頭。我們報(bào)道了一種新方法、新結(jié)果、新模 型...,能夠解決...gap,我們的結(jié)果對(duì)...有重大的意義(justification)。注意,如果你想在此處 分點(diǎn)列舉自己研究的創(chuàng)新性,數(shù)字要加括號(hào),否則會(huì)被認(rèn)為是數(shù)學(xué)意義的數(shù)字,外國(guó)人常用的分點(diǎn)列 舉是用(i), (ii), (iii), ...
Here/In this article, we describe/show/report/present
The purpose of the article is (to solve the challenge problem)
We aim to ...
This paper provides/reports on/focuses on
五、 小tips
1 連詞和副詞的使用 大部分關(guān)聯(lián)詞從語(yǔ)法上可以分為連詞(conj.)和副詞(adv.),這兩類詞的使用方法有所不同,需要 留意。連詞for,and,not,but,or,yet,so建議不要出現(xiàn)在句首(盡管在非書(shū)面語(yǔ)中有一些出現(xiàn)在 句首的表達(dá)法),而副詞可以出現(xiàn)在句首。以下是一些邏輯關(guān)系的連詞和副詞。小伙伴們注意連詞和 副詞的使用方法。比如副詞后面跟名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。
“SCI新手寫(xiě)作常過(guò)度依賴and和however,而忽視了其他邏輯關(guān)系。”
2追求簡(jiǎn)潔 SCI屬于科研文章,要求邏輯和簡(jiǎn)潔,建議刪除冗余表達(dá),將超過(guò)三行的句子拆分為短句。 |